metrics, KPIs, business strategy, data analysis, performance indicators, decision-making, organizational success, strategic planning ## Introduction In the modern business landscape, data-driven decision-making is not just a buzzword—it's a necessity. However, many organizations find themselves overwhelmed by the sheer volume of data at their disposal. This often leads to measuring too much but analyzing too little. The challenge lies not in gathering data but in distinguishing between mere me...

## Understanding the Four Types of Data Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide In an age where the volume of information is increasing exponentially, the ability to analyze data effectively has become paramount for businesses aiming to make informed decisions and stay ahead of market trends. Understanding the four fundamental types of data analysis—descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive—is essential for organizations seeking to leverage data for strategic advantage. This guide aims to ...

metrics, KPIs, data-driven decisions, business strategy, performance measurement, strategic indicators, data analysis, business metrics ## Introduction In today's fast-paced business landscape, the ability to make informed decisions based on data is no longer a luxury—it's a necessity. Many organizations gather a plethora of metrics to track their performance, yet they often struggle to analyze these numbers effectively. This challenge leads to a critical question: How can businesses transitio...

Microsoft Ads: Copilot update, new features & how to use them Learn all about the most recent Microsoft Ads updates and new Copilot features. See how to use these upgrades in our Microsoft Ads guides. AI is quickly becoming a standard marketing tool. So companies are quickly introducing and enhancing their ad platform AI features to help advertisers create quality, high-performing campaigns. Microsoft is no different. Copilot for Microsoft Ads is a generative AI chatbot designed to help you design, create, and analyze PPC campaigns. Microsoft claims that Copilot boosts engagement across Microsoft Ads channels, with 69% higher click-through rates and 76% higher conversion rates compared with traditional search. In October 2024, Microsoft launched two useful updates for advertisers within Copilot: Performance snapshot — You can now ask Copilot to produce an overview of your account or a specific campaign, including key insights, trends, and anomalies. Ad diagnostics — Copilot can now check campaign setup and account health, then make suggestions for improvement. But these aren’t the only changes Microsoft is making to help advertisers. Yoann Ferrand, a senior PPC manager and influencer, explored many of the other upgrades for Microsoft Ads tools in his November 2024 PPC newsletter. These include video ad upgrades, connected TV ads, Google Ads import, and Shopping Audience campaign enhancements. In this Microsoft Ads guide, we’ll walk you through each of these recent Microsoft Ads updates, plus discuss how to make use of them with use case examples. Microsoft Copilot enhancements: what they are and how to use them Microsoft has introduced two new features for Copilot in the last few months: performance snapshot and diagnostics. Let’s take a look at each of these features and how you can use them to improve campaign management. 1. Performance snapshot This feature is designed to give you a quick overview of your performance without doing a deep-dive into your data. Here’s what Microsoft have said about this new feature: “Advertisers have shared a clear need for quick updates on how their campaigns and accounts have been performing since a prior point in time – since they last logged in, since last week, etc. With our new performance snapshot feature, an advertiser can use natural language to ask Copilot in the Microsoft Advertising Platform to obtain an account or campaign-specific performance overview with a summary of key insights, trends, and anomalies.” With just a few clicks, Copilot can now generate advertising campaign insights including data fluctuations, performance comparisons, high and low performers, and competitor details. The analysis section gives you an explanation of your performance in plain English, making the data much more accessible. How to use Copilot performance snapshot Here’s a simple step-by-step guide to using Copilot performance snapshot: Select All Campaigns, or use the dropdown to choose a specific campaign to analyze. Click Summarize next to the dropdown menu. Click Summarize my performance from the last 30 days in the Copilot menu. The summary data and graphs will be displayed. Use case: When to use performance snapshot This feature is useful any time you need to access plain-language data from Microsoft Ads. You can also use it for campaign improvement ideas (although make sure to weigh up the benefits of each idea, and be cautious when it comes to adjusting bids and/or budgets). For example, if you need to create a management report for a colleague, you can use this Microsoft Copilot advertising feature to pull a real-time snapshot of your account, including easy-to-understand data analysis. 2. Diagnostics Copilot can now help you troubleshoot problems affecting your campaign performance with upgraded AI-driven diagnostics. Here’s the update from Microsoft: “With this new diagnostics feature, Copilot in the Microsoft Advertising Platform gives users an extra set of eyes to inspect campaign setup, assess account health, diagnose where attention is needed, and propose what to do next, all activated via simple conversational engagement. The diagnostics feature begins piloting this month and is the latest advancement in our commitment to saving advertisers’ time in the campaign management process while giving them peace of mind.” https://www.lunio.ai/blog/microsoft-ads-copilot

#mewton #physics #flight The Physics of Flight: Applying Newton's Laws and Bernoulli's Theorem to Aircraft Aerodynamics Introduction The ability of massive metal machines weighing hundreds of tons to defy gravity and soar through the air is one of the most impressive technological achievements of the modern era. While the Wright brothers' first powered flight in 1903 lasted only 12 seconds and covered 120 feet, today's commercial airliners can stay aloft for over 17 hours and travel nearly 10,000 miles nonstop. This remarkable progress has been made possible through advancements in aeronautical engineering, which is fundamentally grounded in classical physics principles like Newton's laws of motion and Bernoulli's theorem. This essay will examine in depth how Newton's laws and Bernoulli's theorem combine to explain the principles of aircraft flight. We will analyze the role of each law in generating lift, explore the importance of airfoil design, and investigate other factors affecting aerodynamic performance. By integrating theoretical concepts with experimental data and real-world examples, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex physics behind modern aviation. Newton's Laws and Aircraft Lift Newton's First Law: Inertia Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. In the context of aviation, this law explains why an aircraft in level flight tends to remain in steady motion. The various forces acting on the aircraft (thrust, drag, lift, and weight) are in equilibrium, allowing it to maintain a constant velocity (Beard & McLain, 2012). Newton's Second Law: Force and Acceleration The second law, F = ma, relates force, mass, and acceleration. This fundamental equation governs the motion of an aircraft in flight. When the thrust produced by engines exceeds the drag force, the aircraft accelerates. Similarly, when lift exceeds weight, the aircraft climbs. The precise control of these forces allows pilots to maneuver aircraft with remarkable precision (Anderson, 2016). Newton's Third Law: Action and Reaction Newton's third law, which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, is perhaps the most crucial in understanding lift generation. As an aircraft's wings move through the air, they deflect air downwards. The equal and opposite reaction to this downward deflection of air is an upward force on the wings - lift. This can be visualized using the concept of a control volume around the wing: ^ Lift | -->|--> Airflow | v Downwash The rate of downward momentum imparted to the air is equal to the upward force (lift) experienced by the wing. This principle is often referred to as the "momentum theory" of lift (Smith, 1992). Bernoulli's Theorem and Airfoil Design While Newton's laws provide a fundamental explanation for lift, Bernoulli's theorem offers additional insights, particularly in understanding the pressure distribution around an airfoil. Bernoulli's Equation Bernoulli's equation states that in steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, the total pressure along a streamline remains constant: P + 1/2 ρv² + ρgh = constant Where: Application to Airfoils The key to understanding how Bernoulli's theorem applies to airfoils lies in the shape of the wing. A typical airfoil has a curved upper surface (extrados) and a flatter lower surface (intrados): Extrados ____________ / \ / \ /________________\ Intrados As air flows over the wing, it must travel a greater distance over the curved upper surface than the flatter lower surface in the same amount of time. This results in higher velocity over the upper surface. According to Bernoulli's equation, this higher velocity corresponds to lower static pressure (Kundu et al., 2016). The pressure difference between the lower and upper surfaces of the wing creates a net upward force - lift. This explanation is often called the "equal transit time" theory, though it's important to note that in reality, air passing over the top of the wing actually reaches the trailing edge before air passing under the wing. Integration of Newton's Laws and Bernoulli's Theorem While Newton's laws and Bernoulli's theorem are often presented as competing explanations for lift, they are in fact complementary. Bernoulli's theorem helps explain the pressure distribution around the airfoil, while Newton's laws account for the reaction force from deflecting the airflow. Modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have shown that both effects contribute to lift generation. The relative importance of each can vary depending on factors such as angle of attack, airfoil shape, and flight speed (McLean, 2012). Other Factors Affecting Aerodynamic Performance Viscosity and Boundary Layers Real fluids, unlike those in idealized models, have viscosity. This leads to the formation of boundary layers - thin regions of fluid close to the surface where viscous forces are significant. The behavior of these boundary layers, including whether they remain laminar or become turbulent, significantly affects drag and lift (Schlichting & Gersten, 2016). Vortex Formation As an airfoil generates lift, it also produces vortices, particularly at the wing tips. These wing tip vortices are a major source of induced drag. Understanding and mitigating their effects is crucial for improving aircraft efficiency (Auld & Srinivas, 2017). Wing ____________ | | | | Wingtip Vortex | | / |____________|/ \ \ Angle of Attack The angle of attack - the angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the direction of the oncoming air flow - plays a critical role in lift generation. As the angle of attack increases, lift generally increases up to a critical angle. Beyond this point, the airflow separates from the upper surface of the wing, leading to a sudden loss of lift known as stall (Anderson, 2016). Experimental Data and Real-World Applications Theoretical principles are validated and refined through extensive wind tunnel testing and flight data analysis. For example, pressure distribution measurements on actual aircraft wings have confirmed the lower pressure on the upper surface predicted by Bernoulli's theorem. NASA's Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) program conducted detailed studies on high-lift systems, providing valuable data on how various wing configurations affect lift and drag. These studies have led to the development of sophisticated multi-element airfoils used in modern aircraft (NASA, 2000). In practice, aircraft designers use a combination of theoretical models, computational simulations, and experimental data to optimize wing design. Factors such as cruise speed, required lift coefficient, and operational altitude all influence the final airfoil shape and overall wing configuration. Conclusion The principles of flight, grounded in Newton's laws and Bernoulli's theorem, represent a triumph of applied physics and engineering. By manipulating airflow to create pressure differentials and momentum changes, aircraft designers have enabled humans to soar through the skies with remarkable efficiency and safety. As we've seen, the generation of lift is a complex phenomenon involving multiple interacting factors. While simplified explanations can provide intuitive understanding, a truly comprehensive grasp of aerodynamics requires integrating various theoretical approaches with experimental data and real-world observations. Looking to the future, ongoing research in areas such as adaptive wing structures, laminar flow control, and advanced composite materials promises to further enhance aircraft performance and efficiency. As our understanding of aerodynamics continues to evolve, so too will our ability to push the boundaries of aviation technology. References Anderson, J. D. (2016). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. Auld, M., & Srinivas, K. (2017). Aerodynamics for Engineers (6th ed.). Pearson. Beard, R. W., & McLain, T. W. (2012). Small Unmanned Aircraft: Theory and Practice. Princeton University Press. Kundu, P. K., Cohen, I. M., & Dowling, D. R. (2016). Fluid Mechanics (6th ed.). Academic Press. McLean, D. (2012). Understanding Aerodynamics: Arguing from the Real Physics. John Wiley & Sons. NASA. (2000). NASA/CR-2000-210323 - High-Lift System Aerodynamics. NASA Technical Reports Server. Schlichting, H., & Gersten, K. (2016). Boundary-Layer Theory (9th ed.). Springer. Smith, A. M. O. (1992). High-Lift Aerodynamics. Journal of Aircraft, 29(6), 1238-1248.